Yuan, Ming, & Qing Dynasties (1271-1912 CE): Diversification and Scholarly Debates

Following the monumental Neo-Confucian synthesis of the Song Dynasty, I Ching scholarship continued to evolve and diversify through the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties. While Song interpretations remained highly influential, this extended period saw new critical approaches, the revisiting of older Han Dynasty schools, and extensive scholarly debates on the text's meaning and application. The I Ching also became further integrated into various aspects of Chinese cultural and intellectual life.

This article will survey the key trends in I Ching studies during these later imperial periods, noting the emergence of different schools of thought, the emphasis on evidential research (Kaozheng) in the Qing, and the ongoing dialogue between different interpretive traditions.